Positive functions for society Essay Example for Free

Positive functions for society Essay The family was once described as a social group that shared common residence, consisted of at least two adults of each sex that maintained a socially approved sexual relationship and had one or more children, their own or adopted. This is a nuclear family, described by George Murdoch to be a universal family type. Although it is correct to say that nuclear families reside universally, family types now vary from single-parent families to gay headed families. Despite the variety, they contribute to the society, in ways that can be positive and negative too. Many sociologists differ in their views as to whether the family is positive to the society or not- functionalists believe that the family has positive functions that contribute positively to the society but it has to be said that functionalists tend to ignore negative aspects of the family such as the dark side, which consists of all that makes the family a negative experience for its members. Nevertheless there are sociologists that focus on only the negative aspects, such as, radical psychiatrists, radical feminists and Marxists. The new right theory has faith that family is a positive function of the society, however new rights only refer to nuclear families, as they believe that any other family type is inferior. Functionalism is a consensus theory which looks at society positively. Functionalists often make an organic analogy, as a human body is maintained by the functions of each part of a body, keeping it alive and healthy, similarly, and society is kept going by its institutions- family being one of the institutions which function to sustain the well-being of society. It is recognised by functionalists that families change themselves over time for the sake of adapting to society, an exemplar would be leading functionalist Emile Durkheim who strongly believed that family was the most important institution of society. Durkheim believed that family positively functioned for both individuals and society. The family, he believed, is the institution that offers its members emotional support, stability and gives them their identity as primary socialisers, and to an extent, teaches them how they should act toward the rest of society. Thus he proves that they perform a positive function to society too, as they provide fundamental social order and stability, which helps to prevent the society from becoming disordered. Talcott Parsons was a functionalist who analysed the families  from a modern perspective and came to a conclusion that although families have less functions, as they are provided with help from outside agencies, they still perform two important functions which determine the actions within a society. These two functions focus on individuals- the first being the socialisation of children primarily, into the responsible, committed individuals that society can benefit from and the second is the stabilisation of adult personalities, as he stated that it was family who help ease away tensions of the modern world, particularly for male workers. He also believed that these functions were best found in nuclear families, where the clear sexual division in labour enabled wives to partake an expressive role while men held an instrumental role. However, there are functionalists like Fletcher who believe that family has not decreased their functions, he explains how the family do not just perform the apparent obvious functions of primary socialisation, social control and reproduction but they also play a role in providing basic education and support through school life and they still have an economic function because they provide support to their non-working members, whether they are un-fit to work, ill or unemployed and ultimately, family supplies the whole economy with workers. The functionalism theory sheds light on the positive aspects of family life which all contribute to the society positively. Each functionalist has consistently mentioned a vital performance that families partake- the primary socialisation of children. During this stage a child learns about his/her culture and is most likely to be taught the norms and values of their society. Primary socialisation is a vital performance which is done by the family, as a child is expected to have acknowledgement of the norms and values in order to adjust with the society they live in. Although the functionalist theory does not look at the negative aspects of the family there are others that do. It can only be assumed that the functionalist view was patriarchal- the belief that men are dominate. This assumption is only representative of Parson as he introduced the warm bath theory, whereby he suggested that it was men that had a hard day at work and their wives (women) stayed at home and made them feel better when the husbands came home. Radical feminists are those who focus on this discrimination and have firm belief that the world is wrongly dominated by  men. They believe that patriarchal ideology gives women a perception that motherhood is their natural role whereas it actually keeps women subservient to men. They express how women have at least a dual role but most have a triple burden which consists of the roles of a paid worker, a mother and a housewife. The Marxist theory characterises the society as being one that exploits and subordinates the working cl ass. They argue that the family only benefits capitalists as they produce the working class, teach their children to accept capitalist values when primarily socialising them, which are to hard work, accepting and respecting authority, and it is the family that makes their members feel that capitalism is the norm. Radical psychiatrists on the other hand, argue that the family as a whole is a deception. Clinical evidence proves that families suffer exploitation, oppression and a negative experience. The modern family is so independent that it leads to emotional stress between the members. They disagree with functionalists and say that families actually spend too much time trying to please others by doing what they are expected to do, which prevents them from having autonomy. Thus if someone did something wrong it would lead to shame, guilt and repression. This leads to the dark side to a family which includes abuse to children and domestic violence to both men and women. Child abuse consists of, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. A CPS report showed that five to six children died each day in 2001 due to child abuse or neglect. Approximately 84% of the children were abused by their parents and mothers alone were responsible for 47% of the neglect and 32% of the abuse. Domestic violence is also increasing the UKs crime rate and accounts for a quarter of the murders in the UK. Domestic violence is all the violence that occurs between partners. Not only does it account for physical violence but sexual and emotional abuse too. Although it is considered a crime against women because they are twice as likely to be threatened and injured, men are also violated against- a study conducted at the Leicester Infirmary in 1992 concluded that equal numbers of men and women were being assaulted at home and that men received more serious injuries, losing consciousness more often than women. It may be so that the family as individuals may be affected more if they suffer these negative experiences however, it may also affect the society because ones participation to society will become effortless regardless of the way they contribute, for examples if they are a student,  they will not work hard, if they are a worker, they will be less. Nevertheless there are 400 refuges around the UK and any help lines to support those that are suffering. There are different views of the family that that highlight how they function in society and towards individuals. Functionalism is the main theory that promotes the positive aspects of a family and reflects the positive contributions a family makes towards society by performing essential functions such as reproduction, primary socialisation and social control. There are also many theories that focus on the negative aspects of the family- the things that make family a bad function of society. However, it has to be said that all the theorys are correct if read from the perspective that they are written in. Thus, although the family does have a dark side and may not comply with all theorists, such as radical psychiatrists and radical feminists, they still manage to uphold the main functions, that is to reproduce, socialise with individuals and support their family members.

Prisons Essays -- Social Issues, Rates of Violence

Introduction Longitudinal research has been conducted comparing the rate of violence in male and female prisons. It is important to do research on this topic because it does not only lead to the conclusion of where is violence prevalent, but focuses on other aspects as well. It focuses on the psychological, social, and sexual side of the inmate. This topic does not only focus on who has the highest rates of violence, but why does that sex have a higher rate. This topic looks deeper at the differences between male and female inmates and what causes them to have high rates of violence. Most people would say that male prisons have a higher rate of violence due to biological reasons. People tend to think that males are more aggressive therefore violence is prevalent in male prisons, yet there is a lot more to this idea. The focus of this paper is to inform if the rates of violence are higher in male or in female prisons and why that is the case. Various key factors have been addressed in relation to this topic. These four factors would not only help in answering the research questions, but open opportunities for similar research to be conducted. This research paper will explore if violence is higher in male or female prisons and why is it high. In order to answer these two research questions, the following factors will be discussed: relational violence in women’s prison, a comparison of sexual coercion experiences reported by men and women in prison, prisoner confrontations and the search for respect, and the rates of victimization. Theoretical Framework The most important factor regarding the topic on rates of violence in male and female prisons is relational violence in women’s prison. This factor is ver... ...ul and relevant. Every single study contributed in finding an answer to the research question. The studies showed the factors of why? How? and when? do inmates (males and females) engage in violence and how does this raise the rates of violence. Although all this data was very helpful more research should be performed. There should be more studies focusing on female inmates in order to give a better understanding of female prisons. Furthermore the studies that do use females as part of the study should increase the sample size. Authors usually examine large male sample size and only a few female sample sizes. This leaves people with the question of why is there a huge difference between the sample sizes. In conclusion if experimenters would focus on females like they do with males maybe more data can be presented.

Lone Survivor

The â€Å"Lone Survivor† is a story of courage, loyalty and even friendship. In any military organizations, we can see how courageous or loyal the armies or navies are especially in times of missions, not only in simple missions but also in tough and relevant missions. In this book test the combat skills and attitudes of military forces to deal and execute their missions. And also in the book we can see how these friendships were built and how strong were the friendships that were developed in the military organizations. This book truly gives the idea or shows some instances and how a military individual managed to act and deal with the circumstances or consequences of the missions they had given him. This book is my choice because of it tackled about military. And because I admire those individuals who are connected with the military services I choose the book. I admire these individuals because they were truly modern heroes who had so much or great obligations for the country as compared to President who held the highest position. These characteristics of individuals is what countries really needed because they were keep on protecting the countries and their fellowmen from dangerous terrorist acts. And also I chose this book because it is one of the greatest books that are familiar to more individuals. I chose this knowing that it is familiar because I think it would be a kind adventure book as heard from others. As reading the first part of the book â€Å"Lone survivor†, I took me to military setting that I thought I was really a part of that tour or journey of the missions. I also knew how well military were trained not physically but also emotionally and psychologically. I had seen how military individuals undergo training not just for their own sake but for nation’s sake. In the first part, after training a group of navy were given mission; a mission to search for an Al Qaeda leader (Luttrell, 2007). They were given the instructions to capture or kill that said leader. In this mission, the courage or loyalty or friendship of the group will be tested. And also, it will show how well the training had helped them build and develop more tough skills. As entitled â€Å"Lone survivor†, I can easily depict what would happen in the story. Only one of the groups that had been given the mission to capture an Al Qaeda leader will remain standing alone. Even though not given the title â€Å"Lone Survivor†, we can still foresee the result of the combat operations of the groups. Because once an army or navy in a battle they were already presumed dead. It only means that when they where in mission, expect it consequence is losing lives; both sides will possibly lost lives. In connection with friendship, courage and loyalty, the mission of the group will test their friendship on how they would take losing friends. It is whether they would take it as inspiration or mere discouragement for them to resume their mission or goal. I think when the time comes that they will loose their buddy, in the end those who remained standing will even take more courage and much eager enough to battle or combat with their enemies. They or he will be taking much strategic actions to fulfill the mission; it was not only for the countries honor but only in honor of his dead companions. I also presumed that in the end this lone survivor or the remaining standing will be recognize for the things he had done not only for the country but also for his buddies that he is considering his friends. He will be given honor for what the things he had done. Even if the mission was either a success or failure, he will still be given recognition. Reference: Luttrell, M. (2007). Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10 (1st edition ed.). New York: Little Brown and Company.       Lone Survivor The â€Å"Lone Survivor† is a story of courage, loyalty and even friendship. In any military organizations, we can see how courageous or loyal the armies or navies are especially in times of missions, not only in simple missions but also in tough and relevant missions. In this book test the combat skills and attitudes of military forces to deal and execute their missions. And also in the book we can see how these friendships were built and how strong were the friendships that were developed in the military organizations. This book truly gives the idea or shows some instances and how a military individual managed to act and deal with the circumstances or consequences of the missions they had given him. This book is my choice because of it tackled about military. And because I admire those individuals who are connected with the military services I choose the book. I admire these individuals because they were truly modern heroes who had so much or great obligations for the country as compared to President who held the highest position. These characteristics of individuals is what countries really needed because they were keep on protecting the countries and their fellowmen from dangerous terrorist acts. And also I chose this book because it is one of the greatest books that are familiar to more individuals. I chose this knowing that it is familiar because I think it would be a kind adventure book as heard from others. As reading the first part of the book â€Å"Lone survivor†, I took me to military setting that I thought I was really a part of that tour or journey of the missions. I also knew how well military were trained not physically but also emotionally and psychologically. I had seen how military individuals undergo training not just for their own sake but for nation’s sake. In the first part, after training a group of navy were given mission; a mission to search for an Al Qaeda leader (Luttrell, 2007). They were given the instructions to capture or kill that said leader. In this mission, the courage or loyalty or friendship of the group will be tested. And also, it will show how well the training had helped them build and develop more tough skills. As entitled â€Å"Lone survivor†, I can easily depict what would happen in the story. Only one of the groups that had been given the mission to capture an Al Qaeda leader will remain standing alone. Even though not given the title â€Å"Lone Survivor†, we can still foresee the result of the combat operations of the groups. Because once an army or navy in a battle they were already presumed dead. It only means that when they where in mission, expect it consequence is losing lives; both sides will possibly lost lives. In connection with friendship, courage and loyalty, the mission of the group will test their friendship on how they would take losing friends. It is whether they would take it as inspiration or mere discouragement for them to resume their mission or goal. I think when the time comes that they will loose their buddy, in the end those who remained standing will even take more courage and much eager enough to battle or combat with their enemies. They or he will be taking much strategic actions to fulfill the mission; it was not only for the countries honor but only in honor of his dead companions. I also presumed that in the end this lone survivor or the remaining standing will be recognize for the things he had done not only for the country but also for his buddies that he is considering his friends. He will be given honor for what the things he had done. Even if the mission was either a success or failure, he will still be given recognition. Reference: Luttrell, M. (2007). Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10 (1st edition ed.). New York: Little Brown and Company.      

Analytical Essay of Macbeth - 1402 Words

Shakespeare uses vivid and powerful forms of imagery to let the audience visualize the setting. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a strong woman who is attracted to power and would do anything to be in control; she is anything but an elegant and sensitive woman. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls an easy prey to insanity and guilt. Her soliloquy (5.1.24-30) shows her decline into madness when she says,â€Å"out damned spot...† There are many examples of visual and aural imagery throughout the play. The murder of Duncan is indicated by the clanging of a bell and the knocking at the gate. Though they are not described in the text, the stage directions are enough to build up the tension. The knocking occurs between each†¦show more content†¦The order of the sentences used by Shakespeare, or the syntax, is simply changed by varying sentence length and rearranging the order of the words for effectual sentences. A variety of techniques such as ellipse s and antithesis’ are frequently used by Shakespeare throughout the play. The antithesis, in this case, is Lady Macbeth. Shakespeare emphasizes her courage to admit to herself that â€Å"what hath quench’d them, hath given me fire†- which shows that she has been drinking too. Lady Macbeth: Did not you speak? Macbeth: When Lady Macbeth: Now. Macbeth: As I descended? Lady Macbeth: Ay. Macbeth: Hark! This piece of text, taken after the murder, shows how Shakespeare uses monosyllabic words to build up the tension and intensity of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s staccato-dialogue conversation. Shakespeare also uses a traditional kind of verse known as the Iambic Pentameter (unrhymed). It consists of a ten-syllable line with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one (â€Å"da DUM†). The majority of this play alternates between prose and blank verse. Blank verse resembles prose in that the last word of each sentence does not rhyme, however, there are the occasional rhyming couplets: â€Å"Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell†Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å"That summons thee to heaven or to hell† The utilization of theShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Response : Analytical Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Response: Analytical Essay The story of Macbeth is a tragic one, and his demise is mainly due to his character flaws. A character flaw of his is blind ambition. As the story progresses Macbeth goes to further and further lengths to keep his position as king. He is also a follower; all his actions are the result of things that other people have told him. He also has a lack of confidence, which leads to him doubting his actions and having strong feelings of guilt that affect his mental healthRead MoreAnalytical Essay of Macbeth1402 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare uses vivid and powerful forms of imagery to let the audience visualize the setting. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a strong woman who is attracted to power and would do anything to be in control; she is anything but an elegant and sensitive woman. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls an easy prey  to insanity and guilt. Her soliloquy (5.1.24-30)  shows her decline  into madness when she says,â€Å"out damned spot...† There are many examples of visual and aural imagery throughoutRead MoreMacbeth Essays : Macbeth 1064 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth Analytical Essay In life, there are two types of people: those who do the right thing and those who don’t. In the play Macbeth, by Shakespeare, the main character Macbeth is given a prophecy by three witches that says he will become king; however, there is no descending line of kings of his own blood. With the knowledge of the Witches’ prophecy, Macbeth’s ambition, and manipulation from his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is quickly dragged into a never-ending, bloody murder rampage to obtainRead MoreA Change of Heart in Shakespeares MacBeth525 Words   |  2 PagesMacbeth Analytical Essay In life, having a change of heart throughout the course of a short period of time can almost be seen as impossible whereas in Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Macbeth the character, Lady Macbeth, has difficulty maintaining her evil ways. The Tragedy of Macbeth, set in 11th century Scotland and England, is about the conflict the main character, Macbeth, experiences brought about by three witches misleading prophecies. Throughout the play, we see Macbeth contemplate between whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 Pagesthis tragedy†(A.C. 2003). The play of King Lear is dark and saddening from start to finish. â€Å"Bradley was a major Shakespearean critic whose work culminated the method of character analysis initiated in the romantic era†(A.C. 2003). A.C. Bradley’s analytical critique of plays by Shakespeare pushed his popularity forward. The critic A.C. Bradley concentrated on Shakespeare as a dramatist, and particularly on his characters (A.C. 2003). Just like many other critics, Bradley looked more into the charactersRead MoreChaucer, Shakespeare, and Eunuchs4253 Words   |  18 Pagesthe two men together, but I believe that the most prominent characteristic that the men share is their innovativeness. More specifically their innovative construction of gender confused characters. Dinshaw’s examination of the eunuch Pardoner in her essay â€Å"Eunuch Hermeneutics† distinguishes The Pardoner to be a partial character because of his in-between state. Chaucer and Shakespeare’s construction of partial characters reveals that we cannot trust everything to be true in fiction literature and playsRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesattitudes emergence of ethnic writers and women writers Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · narratives: both fiction and nonfiction anti-heroes concern with connections between people emotion-provoking humorous irony storytelling emphasized autobiographical essays Effect: ï‚ · too soon to tell Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · people beginning a new century and a new millennium media culture interprets values Analyzing Poetry: Poetry Tips Analyzing Poetry What is poetry? How is it analyzed? What areRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesWasatch Operations Calvin Wiggins, vice president and general manager, Space Division Joe C. Kilrninster, vice president, Space Booster Programs Robert K. Lund, vice president, Engineering Larry H. Sayer, director, Engineering and Design William Macbeth, manager, Case Projects, Space Booster Project Donald M. Ketner, supervisor, Gas Dynamics Section and head Seal Task Force Roger Boisjoly, member, Seal Task Force Arnold R. Thompson, supervisor, Rocket Motor Cases Jack R. Kapp, manager, Applied Mechanics Analytical Essay of Macbeth - 1402 Words Shakespeare uses vivid and powerful forms of imagery to let the audience visualize the setting. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a strong woman who is attracted to power and would do anything to be in control; she is anything but an elegant and sensitive woman. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls an easy prey to insanity and guilt. Her soliloquy (5.1.24-30) shows her decline into madness when she says,â€Å"out damned spot...† There are many examples of visual and aural imagery throughout the play. The murder of Duncan is indicated by the clanging of a bell and the knocking at the gate. Though they are not described in the text, the stage directions are enough to build up the tension. The knocking occurs between each†¦show more content†¦Blood is another motif throughout the play. The language used to describe Macbeth’s anguished state is extraordinarily effective in terms of imagery and detail. When Macbeth looks at his hands and thinks they are a â€Å"sorry sight† and his hand â€Å"will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red† (2.2.58). Shakespeare uses personification to manipulate Macbeth’s bloody hands as witnesses to the murder when Lady Macbeth urges him to â€Å"wash this filthy witness from your hands† (2.2.50). ‘Themes are fundamental ideas explored in literary work.’ In my chosen extract, there are no specific lines that show the various themes in the play. However, the link between cruelty and masculinity is one of the first themes introduced to the audience. The murder of Duncan is the first in Macbeth’s long line of killings. It soon becomes evident to us that Lady Macbeth provides the brains and the willpower behind Macbeth s actions. Her behavior proves that women can be as ambitious as men, as she herself wishes to be â€Å"unsexed† (1.5.40); to become more masculine than feminine. Even so, she depends on t he manipulation of others, rather than using violence herself. Macbeth asks her to â€Å"bring forth men children only† (1.7.73) and she says nothing to challenge this statement. The hired murderers were also persuaded toShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Response : Analytical Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Response: Analytical Essay The story of Macbeth is a tragic one, and his demise is mainly due to his character flaws. A character flaw of his is blind ambition. As the story progresses Macbeth goes to further and further lengths to keep his position as king. He is also a follower; all his actions are the result of things that other people have told him. He also has a lack of confidence, which leads to him doubting his actions and having strong feelings of guilt that affect his mental healthRead MoreAnalytical Essay of Macbeth1402 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare uses vivid and powerful forms of imagery to let the audience visualize the setting. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a strong woman who is attracted to power and would do anything to be in control; she is anything but an elegant and sensitive woman. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls an easy prey  to insanity and guilt. Her soliloquy (5.1.24-30)  shows her decline  into madness when she says,â€Å"out damned spot...† There are many examples of visual and aural imagery throughoutRead MoreMacbeth Essays : Macbeth 1064 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth Analytical Essay In life, there are two types of people: those who do the right thing and those who don’t. In the play Macbeth, by Shakespeare, the main character Macbeth is given a prophecy by three witches that says he will become king; however, there is no descending line of kings of his own blood. With the knowledge of the Witches’ prophecy, Macbeth’s ambition, and manipulation from his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is quickly dragged into a never-ending, bloody murder rampage to obtainRead MoreA Change of Heart in Shakespeares MacBeth525 Words   |  2 PagesMacbeth Analytical Essay In life, having a change of heart throughout the course of a short period of time can almost be seen as impossible whereas in Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Macbeth the character, Lady Macbeth, has difficulty maintaining her evil ways. The Tragedy of Macbeth, set in 11th century Scotland and England, is about the conflict the main character, Macbeth, experiences brought about by three witches misleading prophecies. Throughout the play, we see Macbeth contemplate between whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 Pagesthis tragedy†(A.C. 2003). The play of King Lear is dark and saddening from start to finish. â€Å"Bradley was a major Shakespearean critic whose work culminated the method of character analysis initiated in the romantic era†(A.C. 2003). A.C. Bradley’s analytical critique of plays by Shakespeare pushed his popularity forward. The critic A.C. Bradley concentrated on Shakespeare as a dramatist, and particularly on his characters (A.C. 2003). Just like many other critics, Bradley looked more into the charactersRead MoreChaucer, Shakespeare, and Eunuchs4253 Words   |  18 Pagesthe two men together, but I believe that the most prominent characteristic that the men share is their innovativeness. More specifically their innovative construction of gender confused characters. Dinshaw’s examination of the eunuch Pardoner in her essay â€Å"Eunuch Hermeneutics† distinguishes The Pardoner to be a partial character because of his in-between state. Chaucer and Shakespeare’s construction of partial characters reveals that we cannot trust everything to be true in fiction literature and playsRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesattitudes emergence of ethnic writers and women writers Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · narratives: both fiction and nonfiction anti-heroes concern with connections between people emotion-provoking humorous irony storytelling emphasized autobiographical essays Effect: ï‚ · too soon to tell Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · people beginning a new century and a new millennium media culture interprets values Analyzing Poetry: Poetry Tips Analyzing Poetry What is poetry? How is it analyzed? What areRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesWasatch Operations Calvin Wiggins, vice president and general manager, Space Division Joe C. Kilrninster, vice president, Space Booster Programs Robert K. Lund, vice president, Engineering Larry H. Sayer, director, Engineering and Design William Macbeth, manager, Case Projects, Space Booster Project Donald M. Ketner, supervisor, Gas Dynamics Section and head Seal Task Force Roger Boisjoly, member, Seal Task Force Arnold R. Thompson, supervisor, Rocket Motor Cases Jack R. Kapp, manager, Applied Mechanics